托福听力真题讲解

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文本如下：

【👇audio script👇】

Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

Professor: We've talked about how archaeologists are a lot of life detectives. They both look for evidence to try to solve mysteries. So, to give you an example of how that's done, today, we're gonna talk about an archaeological site at Argentina called NM1. And that's short for nutrient monas one. NM1 is located in Argentina, southeast of Buenos Aires, and about 3.5 kilometers North of the Atlantic Ocean. It was dated to the Holocene period about 6 to 10,000 years ago. At this Holocene site. Archaeologists found sufficient evidence, artifacts, like tools and bones from land mammals to conclude that its inhabitants were primarily land-dwelling, hunter gatherers. But to their surprise, they also found two teeth of a great white shark. Which leads to the question, how did these hunter gatherers get the shark teeth? 

Student: They didn't live too far away from the ocean. Maybe they were shark fishers or something. 

Professor: Okay, so, what kind of evidence would you need to support this hypothesis?

Student: They probably caught other fish along with the sharks. So, you probably look for fish bones. Maybe some fishing

Equipment.

Professor: exactly. You’d expect to find fossilized fish bones at the site. But there's no evidence of anything like this. Plus, remember, we're talking about a great white shark. They're very large and aggressive. You need some pretty specialized equipment. There are loads of examples of ancient groups of people from coastal regions all over the world. Who fished for sharks. We know that they used sharks as a food resource, so they must have had some sort of specialized fishing equipment. But nothing like that was found at NM1. So, having ruled out that the inhabitants of the site were of fishing people, the researchers considered four other hypotheses. Any ideas what they were?

Student: Well, they could have gotten the teeth through trade. Maybe they got them in exchange for something else.

Professor: Yes, that is one they consider. Yes, there are several sites near NM1 that have been studied. But remember, when I said there was no evidence of fishing at NM1, well, there's no evidence of fishing at any of these other sites near NM1, either. Any other ideas?

Student: Maybe they just found them on the beach, just lying there. 

Professor: and other interstate hypothesis. It's not uncommon to find items like shark teeth on beaches. But remember, if it's been lying on the beach for a while, it's gone to be exposed to weathering or erosion, right? It would have scratches or even parts worn off from it.

Student: So, are you saying that they didn't have any scratches or marks? Also, they must have come directly from the sharks mouth.

Professor: Well, yes and no. The shark teeth that were found had no signs of natural erosion. Only markings use to make them into pieces of jewelry like incisions. So they could be tied to a threat and warn his pendants. That doesn't necessarily mean that the team had to come directly from the sharks mouth. It just means that they didn't spend a lot of time lying on the beach.

Student: I think I got it. I heard that sometimes when a sharp bites into something that its teeth will break off into it. So, maybe like what is the sharp bite into one of its prey and it got away and everything, but it didn't really survive the bite, it would end up on the beach maybe 

Professor: with the teeth still in it.

Student: yeah, and then someone could find a line on the beach and pull the teeth out of it. Actually, that's quite possible. Chunk teeth are loosely attached to their jaws, so they're frequently found in the animals they've been. You get this two step process, the sharp bites, the prey, and then the prey escapes and ends up on the beach. Ok, now, here's the final hypothesis, which is a little simpler, and that the shark itself ended up onshore.

Even today, a shark will occasionally get stranded on the beach in Argentina. Okay, since the previous hypotheses have been ruled out, fishing, trade, teeth found lying on the beach. That leaves the last two is the only plausible ones.The teeth were found in another animal, or they were pulled from a shark stranded on the beach.

Student: They both sound pretty good to me. So, which one do you believe?

Professor: I follow the school of thought that you go with the simplest explanation. Remember, one hypothesis requires a two step process while the other simply requires one step.

听力关键语句分析：

1. They both look for evidence to try to solve mysteries. So, to give you an example of how that's done, today, we're gonna talk about an archaeological site at Argentina called NM1. Today 提示上课的主要内容。

2.But to their surprise, they also found two teeth of a great white shark. Which leads to the question, how did these hunter gatherers get the shark teeth? But转折后为听力重点，疑问句指向后问的内容为讲解how did these hunter gatherers get the shark teeth?

3. Maybe they were shark fishers or something.学生给出假设1。But there's no evidence of anything like this.教授反驳假设1。they could have gotten the teeth through trade 学生给出假设2。there's no evidence of fishing at any of these other sites near NM1教授反驳假设2。Maybe they just found them on the beach, just lying there. 学生给出假设3。But remember, if it's been lying on the beach for a while, it's gone to be exposed to weathering or erosion, right? 教授反驳假设3。

4. There are loads of examples of ancient groups of people from coastal regions all over the world. Who fished for sharks. We know that they used sharks as a food resource, so they must have had some sort of specialized fishing equipment. Example 为托福听力的考点，ancient groups of people 新人物为托福考点，all over the world 和specialized fishing equipment 为两个特点。

5. Only markings use to make them into pieces of jewelry like incisions. So they could be tied to a threat and warn his pendants.only最高级托福听力考点

6. That leaves the last two is the only plausible ones.The teeth were found in another animal, or they were pulled from a shark stranded on the beach. The last two 提示

7. I follow the school of thought that you go with the simplest explanation. Remember, one hypothesis requires a two step process while the other simply requires one step. 教授的态度

得出相对应的笔记：

笔记对应的题目：

6. What is the main purpose of the lecture?

⃝ To compare the inhabitants of different archaeological sites

⃝ To describe a process archaeologists use to try to solve problems

⃝ To explain methods archaeologists use to discover ancient sites

⃝ To challenge a hypothesis that is popular among archaeologists

7. According to the professor, why were the archaeologists surprised to find shark teeth at NM1

⃝ Shark teeth are rarely preserved over such a long period of time.

⃝ The inhabitants of NM1 had no means to travel the long distance to the ocean.

⃝ There were no sharks in that part of the Atlantic Ocean during the Holocene.

⃝ The findings at the site showed that the inhabitants were hunter-gatherers.

8. What does the professor say about ancient groups that fished for sharks?

Click on 2 answers.

▢ Only one of these groups was found near NM1.

▢ Such groups existed in many parts of the world.

▢ The groups used specialized equipment to fish for sharks.

▢ The groups often used shark teeth as cutting tools.

9. Why does the professor mention other archaeological sites near NM1

⃝ To argue against the hypothesis that the shark teeth were acquired by trade

⃝ To name other locations where shark teeth were found

⃝ To describe the sites of fishing people during the Holocene

⃝ To contrast inland sites with sites found near the ocean

10. What does the professor imply about the markings that were found on the shark teeth?

⃝ They were similar to markings found on shark teeth today.

⃝ They were scratches caused by fishing equipment.

⃝ They were the result of natural erosion of the shark teeth.

⃝ They were made by the inhabitants of NM1.

11. What does the professor think is the most plausible hypothesis about the shark teeth?

⃝ A great white shark became stranded on the beach.

⃝ The inhabitants of NM1 occasionally fished for great white sharks.

⃝ The shark teeth were found lying separately on the beach.

⃝ An animal bitten by a great white shark was found on the beach.

解析：

解析6：B

主旨题，定位词为today，now，对应的听力重点句如下：

They both look for evidence to try to solve mysteries. So, to give you an example of how that's done, today, we're gonna talk about an archaeological site at Argentina called NM1.句子的关键词为solve the problem和 archeological site

解析7: B

原因题，定位词语为archaeologists surprised to find shark teeth at NM1，对应的听力重点句如下：

But to their surprise, they also found two teeth of a great white shark. Which leads to the question, how did these hunter gatherers get the shark teeth? But转折后为听力重点，关键词为 hunter gatherers get the shark teeth?

解析8: BC

多选题，定位词为ancient groups，对应的听力重点句如下：

There are loads of examples of ancient groups of people from coastal regions all over the world. Who fished for sharks. We know that they used sharks as a food resource, so they must have had some sort of specialized fishing equipment. Example 为托福听力的考点，ancient groups of people 新人物为托福考点，all over the world 和specialized fishing equipment 为两个特点。

解析9: A

原因题，定位词为other sites near NM1，文中对应的听力重点句如下：

But remember, when I said there was no evidence of fishing at NM1, well, there's no evidence of fishing at any of these other sites near NM1, 重复出现的信息为evidence，是为了证明某个观点。

解析10: D

细节题，听力定位词为markings，文中对应的听力重点句如下：

Only markings use to make them into pieces of jewelry like incisions. So they could be tied to a threat and warn his pendants. only最高级托福听力考点，like incision列举托福考点.

解析11: A

态度题，听力定位词为the most plausible hypothesis，文中对应的听力重点句如下：

That leaves the last two is the only plausible ones.The teeth were found in another animal, or they were pulled from a shark stranded on the beach. The last two 提示可能性高的两个假设

 I follow the school of thought that you go with the simplest explanation. Remember, one hypothesis requires a two step process while the other simply requires one step. 教授的态度指向更简单的假设。

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